Digital Twin Model in Planning Holy Cities: A Case Study of the Shrine Area in Karbala

Husam Sachit Senah, Department of Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Wasit University, Kut 52001, IraqFollow

Keywords

Urban morphology, Traditional urban fabric, Cultural heritage, Digital twin, Shrine area, Arbaeen route, Karbala

Document Type

Article

Abstract

This study examines the expansion around Karbala's two shrines during the implementation of the 2014 Dewan Master Plan and the resulting decline in the symbolic orientation linking the historic fabric to the processional route. The methodology combines formal and typomorphological reading, comparative cases, digital twin analytics, and expert consultations. Three design scenarios were evaluated against: visual contact with the shrines; continuity of the processional route; preservation of historic plots; infrastructure capacity; and conformity with sacred morphology. Scenario A maintains symbolic alignment but provides only moderate capacity during peak periods. Scenario B increases capacity through ring roads and vertical housing, fragmenting routes and weakening sightlines. The Hybrid scenario is recommended as a balanced option that organises urban flow while preserving the historic fabric. Accordingly, the study proposes a Cultural-Morphological Digital Twin (CMDT) as an operational model for managing sightlines and regulating visitor flows; the approach is adaptable to other holy cities.

Recommended Citation

Senah, Husam Sachit (2026) "Digital Twin Model in Planning Holy Cities: A Case Study of the Shrine Area in Karbala," Iraqi Journal of Architecture and Planning: Vol. 25: Iss. 2, Article 2.