Conceptual and Formal Levels in the Digital Computational Architectural Design Process

Maysaa Izyara Mohammed, Department of Architecture, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, IraqFollow
Amjad Mahmoud Albadry, Department of Architecture, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq

Keywords

Digital-computational design, Architectural design process, Digital-computational threshold, Design methodologies, Digital-computational design practice

Document Type

Article

Abstract

This research examines the evolution of digital-computational design in architecture, from early Computer-Aided Architectural Design (CAAD) to contemporary practices. It distinguishes between digital design (DD), which treats digital tools as drawing instruments, and computational design (CD), which employs algorithms for deduction, induction, and abstraction. Three levels of design are identified: the Formation Level (pre-conceived forms), the Generation Level (emergent forms without preconception), and the Evolutionary Level (nature-inspired, performance-optimised forms). A critical threshold is explored where design transcends representation, embracing dynamic, algorithmic, and data-driven processes. Using analytical frameworks, literature reviews, and case studies of firms such as Gehry Partners and Zaha Hadid Architects, the study applies a checklist and binary scale to quantify design indicators. Findings highlight architects' transformative role and emphasise computational thinking, collaboration, and adaptability. Ultimately, digital-computational design redefines architectural production through parametric modelling, algorithmic generation, and integrated fabrication, calling for reimagined education aligned with iterative, interdisciplinary practices.

Recommended Citation

Mohammed, Maysaa Izyara and Albadry, Amjad Mahmoud (2026) "Conceptual and Formal Levels in the Digital Computational Architectural Design Process," Iraqi Journal of Architecture and Planning: Vol. 25: Iss. 2, Article 18.